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be in accordance with standard procedures. By writing all reports following these
principles, the examiner is better able to communicate with the investigator, officer
of the court, judge, and the jury should he have to testify.
Summary
The use of Forensic Scientists and their disciplines by the investigator can greatly assist
him in his investigation. The Forensic Scientist should be brought in at the beginning of
the case, as in our story, not just before the case goes to trial. Too often investigators wait
until the last minute to submit evidence to the laboratory for analysis. In those
situations, it is frequently necessary to continue the trial because the forensic exami-
nations are not complete or the results of those examinations have produced new
information that must be checked out by the investigator before the trial begins.
The investigator spends a lot of time conducting his investigation. The evidence
he develops during the coarse of that investigation can yield significant information
that may not otherwise be available. The evidence at the crime scene helps to tell the
story of what events took place there at a particular moment in time. It has a story of
its own to tell that may or may not be consistent with the statements of witnesses. The
importance of “interviewing” this evidence by careful examination in the laboratory
cannot be overstated. Our story is typical of many financial crimes involving coun-
terfeit documents, but, in this case, because the investigator and examiners worked
together from the beginning, the chances of a successful prosecution of the guilty
parties were greatly increased.
Notes
1. Newton, J., Organised “Plastic” Counterfeiting, Crown Publishers, London, 1994.
2. The New Britannica/Webster Dictionary & Reference Guide, Encyclopedia Britannica,
Chicago, 1986.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
3. Webster’s Electronic Dictionary & Thesaurus, College Edition, Random House, San Fran-
cisco, CA, 1992.
4. O’Hara, C.E. and Osterburg, J.W., An Introduction to Criminalistics: The Application of the
Physical Sciences to the Detection of Crime, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1972,
p. 3.
5. This material on crime scenes was drawn from Crime Scene Response Guidelines III:
Organization and Procedures for Search Operations, at http://www.police2.ucr.edu/
respon3.html.
6. Hilton, O., Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, rev. ed., Elsevier-North Hol-
land, New York, 1982, p. 4; Osborn, A.S., A new profession, Journal of American Judicature
Society, 24, 1940 (reprinted in Osborn, A.S. and Osborn, A.D., Questioned Document
Problems, 2nd ed., Boyd, Albany, NY, 1946, pp. 358–367).
7. Hilton, O., Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, rev. ed., Elsevier-North Hol-
land, New York, 1982, p. 5.
8. Cole, A., Studies in Document Analysis, June 10, 1959. Cole was the Examiner of Ques-
tioned Documents for the U.S. Treasury Department, in Washington, D.C., prior to his
retirement and later passing. The referenced paper is one of many he wrote during a very
long and distinguished career.
9. Morris, R.N., Embosser type: a three-dimensional type examination, The International
Journal of Forensic Document Examiners, 4(2), 1998.
10. Harrison, W.R., Suspect Documents: Their Scientific Examination, Sweet & Maxwell, Lon-
don, 1966, p. 288.
11. Cantu, A.A., verbal communication, July 24, 1998.
12. FBI Fingerprint Identification website, http://www.fbi.gov/kids/finger/finger.html.
13. Figure 3 was provided by the FBI, Fugitive Publicity Internet Media Services Unit. It is a
more up-to-date version of the one referred to in Note 12, above. The authors are
indebted to the FBI for their contribution.
14. Webster’s Electronic Dictionary & Thesaurus, College Edition, Random House, San Fran-
cisco, CA, 1992.
15. van Renesse, R.L., Ed., Optical Document Security, Artech House, Boston, MA, 1994, p. 25.
16. van Renesse, R.L., Ed., Optical Document Security, Artech House, Boston, MA, 1994, p. 28.
17. Webster’s Electronic Dictionary & Thesaurus, College Edition, Random House, San Fran-
cisco, CA, 1992.
18. Morris, R.N., Evidence, International Review of Law Computers & Technology, 12(2), 309,
1998.
19. Any relationship between this name and an actual person is coincidental. The name used
here was chosen only for illustration purposes.
20. Over the years, Thomas V. McAlexander has written several papers and articles on this
topic. This information is based, in part, on his and other examiners’ work trying to
establish a common language for questioned document and handwriting reports.
21. Webster’s Electronic Dictionary & Thesaurus, College Edition, Random House, San Fran-
cisco, CA, 1992.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Appendixes
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Appendix A.
Fraud and the
U.S. Federal Code
The following sections includes various titles and relative sections for the U.S. Federal
Code.
18 USC Section 1028 01/26/98
–EXPCITE–
TITLE 18 — CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I — CRIMES
CHAPTER 47 — FRAUD AND FALSE STATEMENTS
–HEAD–
Sec. 1028. Fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents
–STATUTE–
(a) Whoever, in a circumstance described in subsection (c) of this section —
(1) knowingly and without lawful authority produces an identification docu-
ment or a false identification document;
(2) knowingly transfers an identification document or a false identification docu-
ment knowing that such document was stolen or produced without lawful au-
thority;
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
(3) knowingly possesses with intent to use unlawfully or transfer unlawfully five
or more identification documents (other than those issued lawfully for the use
of the possessor) or false identification documents;
(4) knowingly possesses an identification document (other than one issued law-
fully for the use of the possessor) or a false identification document, with the
intent such document be used to defraud the United States;
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