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we treat it as two.
"Things are called 'other' if either their kinds or their matters
or the definitions of their essence are more than one; and in general
'other' has meanings opposite to those of 'the same'.
"'Different' is applied (1) to those things which though other are
the same in some respect, only not in number but either in species
or in genus or by analogy; (2) to those whose genus is other, and
to contraries, and to an things that have their otherness in their
essence.
"Those things are called 'like' which have the same attributes in
every respect, and those which have more attributes the same than
different, and those whose quality is one; and that which shares with
another thing the greater number or the more important of the attributes
(each of them one of two contraries) in respect of which things are
capable of altering, is like that other thing. The senses of 'unlike'
are opposite to those of 'like'.
Part 10 "
"The term 'opposite' is applied to contradictories, and to contraries,
and to relative terms, and to privation and possession, and to the
extremes from which and into which generation and dissolution take
place; and the attributes that cannot be present at the same time
in that which is receptive of both, are said to be opposed,-either
themselves of their constituents. Grey and white colour do not belong
at the same time to the same thing; hence their constituents are opposed.
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METAPHYSICS 59
"The term 'contrary' is applied (1) to those attributes differing
in genus which cannot belong at the same time to the same subject,
(2) to the most different of the things in the same genus, (3) to
the most different of the attributes in the same recipient subject,
(4) to the most different of the things that fall under the same faculty,
(5) to the things whose difference is greatest either absolutely or
in genus or in species. The other things that are called contrary
are so called, some because they possess contraries of the above kind,
some because they are receptive of such, some because they are productive
of or susceptible to such, or are producing or suffering them, or
are losses or acquisitions, or possessions or privations, of such.
Since 'one' and 'being' have many senses, the other terms which are
derived from these, and therefore 'same', 'other', and 'contrary',
must correspond, so that they must be different for each category.
"The term 'other in species' is applied to things which being of the
same genus are not subordinate the one to the other, or which being
in the same genus have a difference, or which have a contrariety in
their substance; and contraries are other than one another in species
(either all contraries or those which are so called in the primary
sense), and so are those things whose definitions differ in the infima
species of the genus (e.g. man and horse are indivisible in genus,
but their definitions are different), and those which being in the
same substance have a difference. 'The same in species' has the various
meanings opposite to these.
Part 11 "
"The words 'prior' and 'posterior' are applied (1) to some things
(on the assumption that there is a first, i.e. a beginning, in each
class) because they are nearer some beginning determined either absolutely
and by nature, or by reference to something or in some place or by
certain people; e.g. things are prior in place because they are nearer
either to some place determined by nature (e.g. the middle or the
last place), or to some chance object; and that which is farther is
posterior.-Other things are prior in time; some by being farther from
the present, i.e. in the case of past events (for the Trojan war is
prior to the Persian, because it is farther from the present), others
by being nearer the present, i.e. in the case of future events (for
the Nemean games are prior to the Pythian, if we treat the present
as beginning and first point, because they are nearer the present).-Other
things are prior in movement; for that which is nearer the first mover
is prior (e.g. the boy is prior to the man); and the prime mover also
is a beginning absolutely.-Others are prior in power; for that which
exceeds in power, i.e. the more powerful, is prior; and such is that
according to whose will the other-i.e. the posterior-must follow,
so that if the prior does not set it in motion the other does not
move, and if it sets it in motion it does move; and here will is a
beginning.-Others are prior in arrangement; these are the things that [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]