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means ANFO sacks float, which is no good, and additionally, the low density means the power is somewhat low. Generally, the more weight
of explosive one can place in a hole, the more effective. ANFO blown into the hole with a pneumatic system fractures as it is places, raising
the density to about .9 or .92. The delivery system adds to the cost, and must be anti static in nature. Aluminum is added to some commercial,
cartridge packaged ANFOs to raise the density---this also raises power considerable, and a few of these mixtures are reliably cap sensitive.
Now than, for formulations. An earlier article mentioned 2« kilos of ammonium nitrate, and I believe 5 to 6 liters of diesel. This mixture is
extremely over fueled, and I'd be surprised if it worked. Dupont recommends a AN to FO ratio of 93% AN to 7% FO by weight. Hardly any oil at
all. More oil makes the mixture less explosive by absorbing detonation energy, and excess fuel makes detonation byproducts health hazards as
the mixture is oxygen poor. Note that commercial fertilizer products do not work as well as the porous AN prills dupont sells, because
fertilizers are coated with various materials meant to seal them from moisture, which keep the oil from being absorbed.
Another problem with ANFO: for reliable detonation, it needs confinement, either from a casing, borehole, etc, or from the mass of the charge.
Thus, a pile of the stuff with a booster in it is likely to scatter and burn rather than explode when the booster is shot. In boreholes, or
reasonable strong casings (cardboard, or heavy plastic film sacks) the stuff detonated quite well. So will big piles. That's how the explosive
potential was discovered: a small oil freighter rammed a bulk chemical ship. Over several hours the cargoes intermixed to some degree, and
reached critical mass. Real big bang. A useful way to obtain the containment needed is to replace the fuel oil with a wax fuel. Mix the AN with
just enough melted wax to form a cohesive mixture, mold into s hape. The wax fuels, and retains the mixture. This is what the US military uses
as a man placed cratering charge. The military literature states this can be set off by a blasting cap, but it is important to remember the military
blasting caps are considerable more powerful than commercial ones. The military rightly insists on reliability, and thus a strong cap (maybe 70-
80 percent stronger than commercial). They also tend to go overboard when calculating demolition charges...., but hey, who doesn't...
Two manuals of interest: Duponts "Blaster's Handbook", $20 manual mainly useful for rock and seismographic operations. Atlas's "Powder
Manual" or "Manual of Rock Blasting" (I forget the title, its in the office). This is a $60 book, well worth the cash, dealing with the above two
topics, plus demolitions, and non-quarry blasting.
Incidentally, combining fuel oil and ammonium nitrate constitutes the manufacture of a high explosive, and requires a federal permit to
manufacture and store. Even the mines that mix it on site require the permit to manufacture. Those who don't manufacture only need permits to
store. Those who don't store need no permits, which includes most of us: anyone, at least in the US may purchase explosives, provided they
are 21 or older, and have no criminal record. Note they ought to be used immediately, because you do need a license to store. Note also that
commercial explosives contain quantities of tracing agents, which make it real easy for the FBI to trace the explosion to the purchaser, so
please, nobody blow up any banks, orphanages, or old folks homes, okay.
202.Picric Acid by Exodus
Picric acid, also known as Tri
-Nitro-Phenol, or TNP, is a military explosive that is most often used as a booster charge to set off another less
sensitive explosive, such as TNT. It's another explosive that is fairly simple to make, assuming that one can acquire the concentrated sulfuric
and nitric acids. Its procedure for manufacture is given in many college chemistry lab manuals, and is easy to follow. The main problem with
picric acid is its tendency to form dangerously sensitive and unstable picrate salts, such as potassium picrate. For this reason, it is usually
made into a safer form, such as ammonium picrate, also called explosive D. A social deviant would probably use a formula similar to the one
presented here to make picric acid.
MATERIALS:
" Phenol (9« g)
"
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (12« mL)
"
Concentrated Nitric Acid (38 mL)
"
Distilled Water
EQUIPMENT:
"
500 mL Flask
"
Adjustable Heat Source
"
1000 mL Beaker -or- other container suitable for boiling in
"
Filter Paper and Funnel
"
Glass Stirring Rod
1.Place 9« grams of phenol into the 500 mL flask, and carefully add 12« mL of concentrated sulfuric acid and stir the mixture.
2.Put 400 mL of tap water into the 1000 mL beaker or boiling container and bring the water to a gentle boil.
3.After warming the 500 mL flask under hot tap water, place it in the boiling water, and continue to stir the mixture of phenol and acid for about
thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, take the flask out, and allow it to cool for about five minutes.
4.Pour out the boiling water used above, and after allowing the container to cool, use it to create an ice bath, similar to the one used in steps 3- [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]